PTSD - Revision history

Willem-paul at 16:00, 18 February 2013

2013-02-18T16:00:19Z

Willem-paul at 15:59, 18 February 2013

2013-02-18T15:59:53Z

Willem-paul at 15:59, 18 February 2013

2013-02-18T15:59:04Z

Matthew: /* Relevant work done in this context */

2010-03-08T15:18:14Z

‎Relevant work done in this context

Matthew: /* Relevant work done in this context */

2010-03-08T15:16:38Z

‎Relevant work done in this context

Matthew: /* Relevant work done in this context */

2010-03-08T15:16:21Z

‎Relevant work done in this context

Matthew: /* Literature */

2009-11-27T16:59:45Z

‎Literature

Matthew: /* Fear structure and emotional processing theory */

2009-11-27T16:59:37Z

‎Fear structure and emotional processing theory

Matthew: /* Criteria */

2009-11-27T16:58:28Z

‎Criteria

Matthew: /* Fear structure and emotional processing theory */

2009-11-27T16:58:01Z

‎Fear structure and emotional processing theory

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 == Online application ==
-As result of our work in this area we now a have developed a standalone Multi-Modal Memory Restructuring application  that can be d[http://ii.tudelft.nl/3mr/index.html download] for free.
+As result of our work in this area we now a have developed a standalone Multi-Modal Memory Restructuring (3MR) application  that can be [http://ii.tudelft.nl/3mr/index.html download] for free.
 == Relevant work done in this context ==

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 == Online application ==
-As result of our work in this area we now have developed standalone Multi-Modal Memory Restructuring application  that can [http://ii.tudelft.nl/3mr/index.html download] for free.
+As result of our work in this area we now a have developed a standalone Multi-Modal Memory Restructuring application  that can be d[http://ii.tudelft.nl/3mr/index.html download] for free.
 == Relevant work done in this context ==

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:59, 18 February 2013
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		+	== Online application ==
		+
		+	As result of our work in this area we now have developed standalone Multi-Modal Memory Restructuring application that can [http://ii.tudelft.nl/3mr/index.html download] for free.
		+
	== Relevant work done in this context ==		== Relevant work done in this context ==

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 == Relevant work done in this context ==
-*[[Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders & Virtual Reality]]
+*[[Multi-Modal Memory Restructuring for patients suffering from a Combat-Related PTSD]]
 == A definition ==

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 == Relevant work done in this context ==
-*[[Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders & 4MR]]
+*[[Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders & Virtual Reality]]
 == A definition ==

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:59, 27 November 2009
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	Some treatments are based on activation of this fear structure using repeated exposure and adding new learning elements while anxiety is reduced (E. B. Foa & Kozak, 1986; E. B. Foa, Riggs, Massie, & Yarczower, 1995). Studies (E. B. Foa, et al., 1995) have shown that there is a correlation between activation of this fear structure and improvement in treatment.		Some treatments are based on activation of this fear structure using repeated exposure and adding new learning elements while anxiety is reduced (E. B. Foa & Kozak, 1986; E. B. Foa, Riggs, Massie, & Yarczower, 1995). Studies (E. B. Foa, et al., 1995) have shown that there is a correlation between activation of this fear structure and improvement in treatment.
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	== Literature ==		== Literature ==

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	Another important symptom and criterion is the increase of arousal of a person. This may lead to difficulties sleeping and concentrating. The increased arousal can also lead to sudden outbursts of anger and hyper vigilance (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV, 1995). The duration of these symptoms, including the re-experiencing and avoidance of the stressor, must be longer than one month.		Another important symptom and criterion is the increase of arousal of a person. This may lead to difficulties sleeping and concentrating. The increased arousal can also lead to sudden outbursts of anger and hyper vigilance (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV, 1995). The duration of these symptoms, including the re-experiencing and avoidance of the stressor, must be longer than one month.
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	== Fear structure and emotional processing theory ==		== Fear structure and emotional processing theory ==

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 •	Experience of an event which involves a serious injury or actual or threatened death.
 •	Witnessing an event involving death or injury of other persons.
 •	Learning or hearing about unexpected or violent death, harm, threat of death or injury by a family member or close relative.
 This criterion is only concerned with the possible cause of a PTSD. Not everyone will develop a PTSD when confronted with one of the above mentioned stressors. Therefore more criteria are needed to cover the response and possible symptoms following a traumatic event.
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 •	Recurrent recollections of the event. This includes thoughts, perceptions and images. Not only when the person is awake, but also when the person is asleep.
 •	The person feels or thinks as if the traumatic event recurs.
 •	The person is distressed when exposed to various stimuli related to the traumatic event.
 •	Physiological reactivity on exposure to the stimuli mentioned in the previous criterion.
 Strongly related to this symptom is the persistent avoidance of specific stimuli. Of course the avoidance must occur after the exposure of the stressor. DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV, 1995) states that avoidance is one of the criteria related to PTSD and that at least three of the following indicators should be true.
 •	Avoidance of feelings, thoughts or conversations associated to the trauma
 •	Avoidance of activities, places or people which may trigger recollections of the trauma
 •	The inability to recall an important part of the traumatic event
 •	Lost interest in certain activities
 •	Feelings of detachment from friends or family members
 •	Limited experience of feeling or emotion
 •	Only thinking about the near future
 Another important symptom and criterion is the increase of arousal of a person. This may lead to difficulties sleeping and concentrating. The increased arousal can also lead to sudden outbursts of anger and hyper vigilance (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV, 1995). The duration of these symptoms, including the re-experiencing and avoidance of the stressor, must be longer than one month.
 == Fear structure and emotional processing theory ==

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 Some of the treatments which will be described in the next chapter, such as imaginal exposure, are strongly related to the emotional processing theory by Foa and Kozak (E. B. Foa & Kozak, 1986). This theory states that patients with a PTSD have developed so-called ‘fear structures’ consisting of information about:
 •	Stimuli associated with a traumatic event
 •	(Their) behavioural responses
 •	Meaning representations
 The stimuli were already mentioned in the previous paragraph. People exposed to a stressor will remember facts about associated stimuli. For example a vehicle that exploded after it hits another car or seeing a comrade die by a mine.